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AN ALPHABET OF INDIANS 



AM ALPHABET 

or IHDIAMS 



EMEKT IEVERETTWIUAMS 





RH RUSSELL 

niBUSHEWtWUDRK 

igoo 



j "VU CsfKi «EcEi*£D 

OCT 11 1900 

No. 

SECOND COfY. 

(Muml to 

OROtfl WV'JSION, 

-Qct ifi iQn n 



COPYRIGHT. 1900. BY 
ROBERT HOWARD RUSSELL 




jpAR away, in the South-western 
part of our Country, lives the 
Apache. He is a great fighter, and 
very fond of hunting the antelope. 
When hunting he walks many miles, 
climbing mountains and walking 
through the cactus, which would 
prick his skin if he did not wear 
long leggings. 



He lives in the hardest 
country under the American flag, 
but he seems to like it. Vast arid 
deserts stretch away for 
hundreds of miles on every side 
of him, plains and rolling 
hills and low mountains that the 
sun makes hot under foot. 
He stalks his game with 
the patience of a cat and the 
eye of an eagle. Sometimes, when 
hunting, he takes with him a com- 
panion. They slowly approach the 
game, hiding behind rocks and trees 
so as not to be seen, for if the 
antelope saw them it would dart 
away out of their reach. 

In the Fall the women and 
children go into the mountains and 
spend weeks gathering acorns from 
the mountain oak, which, with the 
corn they raise, is part of their 
winter food. 

The Apache believes in evil 
spirits that can be frightened away by 
tricks or by making them presents. 



] 




XTEAR the Rocky Mountains, 
and on the prairies stretching 
eastward, lives the Blackfoot. He 
is called a prairie Indian because he 
lives on these vast plains. 



He climbs the mountains and 
hunts the eagle which lives on the 
tops of high precipices. The eagle 
is a very strong bird, and a hunter 
has to capture it by strategy. 

The eagle feathers are prized by 
the Indians, as with them 
they make head-dresses for 
their chiefs. Long ago the 
Blackfoot hunted the buffalo, and 
this provided him with meat, 
clothing and tepee. The meat 
was dried in the sun, while 
the hides were stretched on the 
ground and scraped with knives 
by the squaws. When these were 
ready for use, they covered the 
lodge poles, making tents. Some- 
times they kept memoranda by 
painting little pictures on the out- 
side of the tepee skins. This is 
called picture-writing. 

Now that the buffalo is practically 
extinct.theBlackfoot is forced to make 
his tepee of the hides of cattle and of 
other smaller skins sewed together. 



j 



J 




T^HE Crows have large herds of 
horses, many of which they 
steal, for they are noted horse 
thieves. WhenWalks-on the-ground, 
the chiefs young son, sets out to 
rob a neighboring Blackfoot camp, he 
wears a blanket covering all but one 



eye, so that anyone he may 
meet cannot find out who 
he is or what he is about to 
do. He may not be suc- 
cesful, but this time he is 
very determined, as Hop- 
ping-toad, the daughter of 
Lone Bear, has promised to 
live with him in his tepee 
and cook his meat. 

Although the lover 
has won the maiden, 
her parents demand a 
certain number of po- 
nies in exchange for her, 
which Walks-on-the- 
ground hopes to present 
on his return. When the snows of 
many winters have come and gone, 
and Walks-on-the-ground journeys 
to the happy hunting ground, his 
tribe places him, wrapped in his 
blanket, high on the boughs of a 
tree, and with him his tomahawk and 
shield, that when he gets there he 
may be well equipped. 




T^HE Dakotahs were named 
Sioux by the French, but call 
themselves People of the Seven 
Council Fires, or sometimes La- 
ko-ta. They have been feared by 
every other northern tribe as they 
are a nation of warriors, their war 
parties frequently stealing on their 
enemies' villages. 

The Dakotahs have many gods. 
Their war-god is called Big Mouth, 
and they believe he guides them, 
showing them where the enemy is. 



They are led by a great war chief, 
or medicine man, and march one 
behind another in Indian file. Their 
favorite manner of fighting 
is on horseback, and 
their little ponies seem 
to enjoy the wild rush. 
They shout their war 
whoop, fight man for man, 
and rarely take prisoners. 
The people of the Seven Coun- 
cil Fires are great smokers. During 
times of peace a pipe is a hunter's 
greatest comfort, and sometimes, 
when there is little to eat, smoking 
parties are formed. 

They have a peculiar dance, 
called the dog-dance, at which a 
roast dog is eaten. They think 
that those who take part in this 
festival become possessed of the 
bravery and wisdom of the dog. 
Their neighbors, the Ojibwas, look 
on this dance with disgust, saying 
that the dog is the Indians' friend, 
and should not be eaten. 




^^NE would have to travel far 
north to find the Eskimo, 
who lives in a land of ice and 
snow. Those I will tell you about 
live in a region called Baffinland. 
Their houses are not like ours, but 
are built of snow blocks, each 
house one long room with a low 
door opening at the top. 



It is so cold there that the 
imo wears the warmest clothes 
can make from the fur of the 
polar bear, and keeps his 
hands warm by wearing mit- 
tens of young seal's skin. 
In the winter he finds boiled 
seal very delicious as well 
as seal and walrus soup. 
He needs to be a sly 
hunter to catch the wily seal. 
Sometimes he must be very patient, 
waiting hours at the blow-hole in 
the ice. A companion waits with 
a sledge and team of dogs, ready to 
start home with the captured seal. 

The Eskimaux believe 
that sometimes the man 
in the moon comes 
down on a sledge drawn by his 
dogs. They would be glad to see 
him as they think him their pro- 
tector. They believe he makes the 
snow and lights the night with a 
great torch which he carries. 





T^HESE Indians think they are 
better looking when their 
heads are flattened, and every Flat- 
head mother keeps a light bandage, 
or flattener, on the papoose's head 
during the time it lives in the 



cradle. This is not painful to 
the baby; in fact if the bandage 
is removed it cries until it is 
replaced. This practice is not so 

D fashionable to-day as for- 
merly. Only a few In- 
dians follow the custom. 
The Flathead women are 
very industrious, making all 
their family clothing of 
cedar bark, skins of the 
wild goose and musk-rat 
fur. They prefer clothing 
of the cedar bark, of which 
they also make mats. This 
bark is stripped from the 
tree in ribbons, and is 
easily woven by a squaw, who 
hisses tunes through her teeth to 
her papoose, whom she rocks in its 
cradle by a string attached to her 
toe while she weaves. 

Their warriors go to sea in 
large boats which they make from 
the cedar tree that grows to a 
great size in their land. 




THE Indians had many ways of 
hunting the buffalo. One 
of these they learned from the 
cunning wolf. Packs of white 
wolves hunted the buffalo by 
creeping very near grazing herds 
and killing fat cows that strayed 
from the others, unprotected by 
their mates. The Indians learned 
this trick, and by disguising them- 



selves in wolf skins ap- 
proached herds in the same 
manner, with bows and 
arrows hidden from view. 

The buffalo have long 
locks of hair over their 
eyes, so that they do not 
see well, and seem heed- 
less of where they go 
when chased. This gives 
the Indian who rides a 
pony a great advantage, 
so that during a chase 
hunter may drive his arrow 
through one buffalo and fatally 
wound another. When enough 
animals have been slain the Indian 
rides back and picks out those 
belonging to him, for each arrow 
bears a private mark. Sometimes 
a hunter uses a great lance instead 
of bow and arrow. 

The buffalo is a sacred animal 
of great power among the Gros 
Ventre, and his skull is seen at all 
sacred ceremonies. 




T^HE Haidas live on the Queen 
Charlotte Islands in the Pacific 
Ocean. It is thought that long, 
long ago their grandfathers came 
across the ocean from Asia, which 
was their former home. 

A Haida village has a strange 
appearance, for in front of the 



chiefs house stand odd -looking 
monuments made of wood and 
called totem poles. These, by the 
way they are carved, sometimes as 
great birds, fishes, animals, or 
figures, indicate the tribal name. 

The Haidas differ from their 
cousins in the States as they are 
very skillful in tattooing their 
bodies and carving in 
wood. Not everyone can 
tattoo, as it is a great gift, but 
generally some man of the tribe 
excels in this art and has a great 
deal of it to do. The arms and 
hands are tattooed where it can 
readily be seen, the marks designat- 
ing family, say the Bear, Beaver, 
Wolf, Eagle, or some kind of fish. 

Occasionally there is a great 
family dance, and, if given by the 
Bear Family, the dancers disguise 
themselves in skins of this animal, 
and wear the bear's head mask. 
These masks are wooden, carved 
and painted for the special feasts. 



] 






T^HE true name of the Iroquois 
is Ho-de-no-san-nee. or People 
of the Long House. Six nations 
composed the great league of the 
Iroquois— the Onondaga, Oneida, 
Cayuga, Seneca, Tuscarora, and 



Mohawk. Each nation was 
divided in tribes called by 
the names of such ani- 
mals as the wolf, bear, 
beaver, turtle, deer, 
snipe, heron, and hawk. 
The Mohawks held the eastern door 
of their hunting ground, while the 
Senecas kept the western, and the 
great council fire was with the 
Onondagas. 

Every one feared the Iro- 
quois, and their war-whoop 
was a terror to all who 
JkT heard it, while the signal 
fires that lighted the hills 
and villages meant danger. 

Early in the spring the Indians 
spend many weeks making sugar. 
Men and boys carry the sap in bark 
buckets to the squaws, who tend it 
as it boils. The children often 
pour the boiling sap on the snow to 
cool, while their parents put the 
candy in little boxes called Mokuks, 
which are made of bark. 




r J^ T HE Jicarillas belong to the 
Apache family. They believe 
that many years ago some Apaches 
did wrong, which angered the 
Great Spirit, and in punishment 
their hunting-grounds were taken 



away and they were 
made very desolate. 
Although poor, the Jica- 
a is very kind to his 
ldren. The name given 
the little papoose at its 
th is thought to be sacred, 
or it tells of something 
happening when it came 
into the world. The 
parents disclose it only 
to the bride and groom 
when the child is about to marry. 

The children have a great deal 
of fun. Every morning they go in 
bathing which makes them strong 
and able to climb the mountains and 
endure hardships when they are 
older. The boys play at war and 
shoot rabbits with bow and arrow. 
The little girls make dolls with 
dresses of buckskin and beadwork. 

The Jicarillas live to a great age, 
and, unlike their brothers in the 
north, the Crows, are buried se- 
cretly, no one knows where. 




HPHE Kiowas believe that they 
once lived far north in the 
land of ice and snow. When they 
came to their present home they 
moved on sleds drawn by dogs. 

They believe the sun is the 
abode of their father, the Great 



Spirit, and their 
mother is the earth. 
They also believe in 
many good and bad 
spirits. The wicked 
spirits cause them bad 
dreams and bring cold win- 
ters, while the good ones 
bring peace, sunshine, good har- 
vests, and plenty of game. 

The Kiowas are noted gam- 
blers, playing two games at cards 
called Monte and Cuncan. If 
a man loses all he leaves with- 
out a word, for they do not 
think it well to quarrel. 
Young beaux are often about the 
village at night chanting songs, the 
tunes of which sometimes resemble 
the sound of barking wolves. 

Indian children are obedient and 
do not cry often. When they are 
babies they are carried on the pa- 
poose board until, at six months, 
their mothers carry them about 
wrapped in their blankets. 




k J^ T HE Lipans are very wily light- 
ers and years ago were often 
at war with the Mexicans, while 
now they are on very friendly 
terms and frequently may be seen 
in Mexican costume. They are 
rarely without Mexican blankets. 



The Lipans are 
Apaches and their 
home was formerly in 
Mexico, but they have 
moved further north 
into Texas. The tribe is 
divided into bands, each hav- 
ing a chief to whom they 
trust their important affairs. 

Not only are they cun- 
ning fighters, but they are 
great scouts as well. 
The Lipans do not take lessons 
in riding, but practice it from 
childhood and become very daring 
horsemen. Their boys are put on 
horseback when little more than 
babies, and thus soon become very 
expert in horsemanship. The 
braves perform many wonderful 
tricks, some of which they use 
when riding in battle. Racing 
horses is one way they have of 
gambling, and they spend a great 
deal of time and lose much property 
at this exciting sport. 




great council before the 
tribe goes to war, at 
which the older chiefs, 
wise men and young warriors as- 
semble. Here they make up a 
\<£s? war party and all young men 
who wish to become warriors 
strike the war post. This 
done, they dance the great 
war dance, not so gracefully 
as we move in the minuet, 
but jumping first on one foot 
and then on the other. They 
show their fierce feeling by 
many hours of this, when they 
fall exhausted on the ground. 

If a war party is successful they 
have a second celebration on their 
HTHE home of the Mandans, who return, called the scalp dance. 
^ were once a great tribe, is on There are many other hops, most of 
the banks of the upper Missouri. which are for peaceful occasions. 
They are neighbors to the Sioux, The Mandans make pottery of 

and have been noted warriors. ! black clay. The women bake this, 
The Mandan children learn many moulded into cups and pitchers, in 
dances, the most important of which little kilns in the side of a hill or 
is the war dance. There is held a under the bank of the river. 




TPHE Navajo Indians are one of 
the oldest tribes, living in a 
beautiful part of our country, neigh- 
bors to the ancient Pueblos. Many 
live to a great age, often more than 
a hundred years. 

They are a peaceful people, for 
Indians, preferring to raise sheep 
pn their fertile plains, and to labor 



at various kinds of native 
manufacture, to the wilder 
life of hunting and warfare to 
which many tribes are wedded. 
The old men, sometimes on 
ponies or afoot, watch the great 
flocks peacefully grazing on the 
hillside. These sheep supply 
them with wool from 
which the Navajo weaves 
beautiful blankets. The 
men and women both 
weave, and make their own 
dyes from the juice of 
berries and roots. Both in 
weaving their blankets, which 
are often of complicated pattern, 
and in making their dyes, the 
Navajos show great skill. 

But these are, by no means, 
their only arts. When the men are 
not watching their sheep they some- 
times make turquoise beads and 
ornaments of beaten silver. They 
believe the turquoise to be sacred, 
holding it in high esteem, 



IS FOR 




TPHE medicine man is the In- 
dians' doctor. He is a great 
chief and prophet, and. in proof of 
his wonderful power, washes his 
hands in boiling maple sap, walks 
barefooted on hot coals and does 
many remarkable tricks. He belongs 
to the medicine society called the 
Mid-de-we-win, of the Ojibwa. 
Sometimes he is called a Jessakkid. 
The Jessakkid believes that his 



strange costume gives htm added 
power. Around his neck he 
wears a string of bear's claws, 
on his head the skin of some 
animal, and carries over his arm 
the medicine bag, which he does 
not let touch the ground. 
L When any member of 

^ the tribe is ill, the Jes- 
sakkid shuts himself with 
the sick person in a 
wickiwigan or medicine 
lodge, and pounds on a 
tom-tom while singing 
to a manido or god to drive away 
the spirit of disease. If the patient 
gets well, the fame and influence 
of the medicine man are greatly 
increased. If the patient dies, the 
Indians believe that it is because 
the manido is angry, and the medi- 
cine man is not blamed. 

There are many manidos. One 
is called the Thunder-bird, while 
another is the Turtle. The most 
powerful is the Thunder-bird. 




FEMOBS 




HPHE Penobscot squaws make 
baskets. They love these bet- 
ter than all their possessions, and 
enjoy weaving them. They use for 
material the birch bark which their 
husbands and brothers gather in the 
woods. These baskets are woven 



in different colors and 
patterns, the strands of 
bark dyed brilliantly, like 
holiday ribbons. Each 
squaw has a personal trade- 
mark that she places on 
her baskets so that she 
may recognize her handiwork. 

The Penobscots are great 
canoists. Their boats differ from 
those of the Haidas, for the Pen- 
obscots use them on rivers and 
placid lakes. They are light craft 
of birch bark, which may be paddled 
along very quickly. When they 
come to a strip of land that bars 
their road they are obliged to carry 
their boats to the next water way. 
So you will see that sometimes the 
canoe carries its owner, and again 
the owner carries his canoe. A 
canoe must be very nicely handled 
for it will easily upset. 

The Penobscots write stories on 
birch bark by scratching little pict- 
ures, which is their way of writing. 




QUAPAW means "down-stream 
people." Their women are 
great workers and do all the labor 
about camp, but they are not tidy 
or good housekeepers. While they 
consider this their share of the 



Work, they rely upon the 
men to provide the food, 
which they do by hunting 
and fishing. A squaw's 
duties are simple but la- 
borious. She cooks the 
food, carries water from the nearest 
stream, brings wood to the tepee, 
dries the meat, culti- 
vates the ground, and, 
when moving, collects 
the lodge poles and 
does the packing. She 
performs all this as her 
duty, not as a servant. 
Their lives are full of 
toil, but they find time for 
pleasure. When their work 
is done for the day a number of 
squaws may be seen sitting in the 
shade of the lodges playing the seed 
game. This is a gambling game 
played with plum stones at which 
they sometimes win or lose all their 
possessions. They are great talk- 
ers, and are good at repartee, 




r I V HESE Indians are spoken of 
by their neighbors as the 
Rees ; and, because they raise so 
much corn, they are sometimes 
called Corn-Indians. Their neigh- 
bors, the Mandans, are sometimes 
called by this name too. The 
planting and harvesting of the corn 
is done wholly by the squaws. 
After it is all harvested the squaws 
are tired and feel grateful for the 
feast that is to follow. 



This feast has become a sort 
of tribal institution, and is looked 
forward to with much pleasure 
from year to year. Bundles of 
corn of every color hang from 
scaffolds about the village, 
and fires burn, ready to 
roast the ears. The 
roasted ears taste very sweet with 
buffalo marrow instead of butter. 

On this day every one has a 
holiday as we do on the Fourth of 
July. They eat the pumpkin and the 
squashes that are ripe, but do not 
make pies as we do. When every 
one has eaten as much as he can, 
and some have had to ask the medi- 
cine man to frighten away a disease 
from over-eating, they have a great 
dance. Campfires are lighted, and 
around these the painted braves 
make merry. 

The Rees do not roam about 
like the Sioux. After the corn 
harvest, they break camp and go to 
their winter quarters. 




r J^ T HE Indians of Florida are 
called Seminole. As they live 
in a tropical country, they have all 
the bananas and oranges they can 
eat. They do not have to wait 
until Thanksgiving day for a roast 
turkey as we do, because the wild 



turkey is plenty and can be 
shot at any time. 

The turkey is a very shy 
bird, but the Indian hunter 
plays him a trick by imi- 
tating his call, until Mr. 
Gobble comes very near, 
when the wily hunter sur- 
prises him with an arrow 
from his bow. Mr. Gobble 
is not the only victim of the 
hunter's arrow, as with it the 
Seminole also kills 
his fish. 

^ The squaws and children do 
not hunt, but a great deal of their 
time is spent in making flour, which 
they sell. Their bowls are not 
like ours, but are holes in a log. 
Each squaw grinds her meal in her 
bowl with a stick. Their flour 
resembles our corn meal in color, 
but is made from the koonti root. 

The Seminoles are not musical, 
but once a year, at the great corn 
feast, they sing four days. 




^^GES ago, before the white 
man came to America, the 
Indians were the only Americans. 
They owned all the country as 
their hunting ground. A powerful 
tribe lived in the north called the 
Adirondacks, who threatened all the 



weaker bands. The Tuscaroras were 
among these, and fled south to the 
land of the Delawares to escape 
their foes. Afterward they 
moved north and lived in 
the tents of the Iroquois, 
making the sixth tribe 
of the Six Nations. 
When the Iroquois became 
powerful they exterminated their 
old enemies, the Adirondacks. 

The Tuscaroras use the to- 
boggan as a sled, and drag their 
burdens many miles over the 
snow, using snow shoes 
to support them while 
walking on the soft snow. 
Sometimes they travel 
forty miles in a day. 

The snow shoes of the Tusca- 
roras are four feet long, curving 
and tapering to a tail. The shoes 
of other tribes are of various sizes 
and many shapes. 

Indians used shells called wam- 
pum for their dollars and cents. 




r J^ T HE Utes are strange people for 
they copy their neighbors' 
habits. Their squaws embroider 
with beads, and they do it very 
well. They sit on the ground to 
work, preferring it to easy chairs. 
When the Utcs have a house 



party, the guests sit on the 
ground around the open 
fire, while the squaws 
prepare the meal m 
iron pots. The fire 
is their lamp light 
as well as their cook stove and 
heater. When rainy they arrange 
blankets to catch stray 
drops that may come in 
through the smoke hole. 
The Ute housewife has no 
use for china plates, for her 
guests use boards instead, 
and their spoons are made 
of buffalo horn. They do 
not have servants to clear 
away the crumbs and bones, 
for the dogs do this for them. 

The Utes are very wise and 
believe there are four wind gods, 
one living in the north, who is a 
monster beast that breathes the 
winter winds. They believe the 
sun to be a man who travels along 
a road across the heavens. 





.|lMm»u, m „„u„„„„,n,,| l llllllllllllllll«m. l .^ 




HPHE Victorias belong to the 
Micmac tribe and are cousins 
of the Penobscots. They are fond 
of playing la crosse, which is the 
great Indian ball game. It resem- 
bles our boys' game of hockey, but 



is played with great bats 
like tennis racquets, only 
much longer. 

Long ago, when the 
West was unsettled, the 
great chief Pontiac caused 
his warriors to play la 
crosse before the fort at 
Detroit. The Indians, losing 
their ball over the walls, rushed 
into the stockade, and, seizing 
weapons from squaws, who had 
secretly taken them in, killed 
the soldiers. 

All of the North-eastern Indians 
know this game, and the Victorias 
are rivalled by the tribes in New 
York State. 

The Victorias seldom go about 
after night-fall. They fear the 
goblins of the night, and are very 
stupid in believing that these bug- 
bears will injure them. When they 
are compelled to go for the med- 
icine man, or do any errand in the 
dark, they shout loudly. 



■ 




ft- 




J^JANY centuries ago, before 
the wild horse came to 
America, Indians used dogs to 
carry their baggage when moving 
camp. Nowadays their ponies drag 
the luggage on long poles, called 
travvis-poles. 

While the squaws make ready 
the bundles for the travvis, and do 



all the work necessary, 
the men smoke and rest. 
All the labor of moving 
falls on the squaws, who 
do not complain, but, 
when they have made ready, 
ride along, as do the men, 
astride their ponies. 

The life of the Winne- 
bagos is one of constant 
travel. They believe some- 
times there is ill luck at- 
tached to a certain spot. 
Sometimes a change of scene 
pleases their fancy. At an- 
other time a better hunting 
ground may be their object. 

They were once very warlike, 
but now are peaceful and have 
the reputation of being very sharp 
traders. Fishing and hunting is 
their daily occupation, and the fish 
they catch they preserve by smok- 
ing. The tail of the beaver is par- 
boiled before it is smoked, and is 
considered very delicious. 




y ONG ago, when the snow was 
very deep on the prairie, the 
buffalo disappeared in the great 
snow wastes, and the people of the 
village were hungry. One day a 
young man sent his wife to the river 
for water. She passed a cotton- 



wood tree, where she 
heard a beautiful song. 
Then a voice said, "Go 
teach your people this 
song. Call together the 
old men and warriors 
that they may learn it. 
Then the buffalo shall 
come again and the chil- 
dren shall no longer cry 
with hunger/' 

The young squaw re- 
turned to the camp, and, 
assembling her people, 
taught them the song of 
Iniskin. The fires had 
burned low and the last 
notes had died away, 
when a great roar as of 
some wild storm was heard in the 
distance, and the listeners, who 
were seated in the great circle, 
knew it was the tramping feet of 
the returning buffalo. 

So they knew that I-nis-kin was 
a great medicine. 




T-'HE Yumas are called Fish In- 
dians because they eat a great 
deal of fish. But the jack rabbit lives 
in California, too, and the Yumas 
are very fond of shooting him, for 
he makes capital pie. Mr. Jack is 
very hard to shoot, for he never 
goes far from his burrow, and when 
a hunter appears he dives nimbly 



under ground out of sight. 
The Indians, however, are 
very skilful with bow and 
arrow, and often succeed in 
bringing down the agile rabbit 
just as he leaps for cover. 

When not hunting, 
the Yuma men and squaws 
make all kinds of pottery of a red- 
dish clay for their housekeeping. 
Their baskets are of many shapes, 
without handles, and so closely 
woven that they will hold water. 

The Yumas are very fond of 
music, and make two instruments, 
a rattle and a flute. The rattle is 
made from a wild gourd and has a 
wooden handle. Perhaps the flute 
is not as musical as those we make, 
but it satisfies the Yumas. 

When a young Yuma brave 
wishes to marry he serenades his 
sweetheart with a flute. She is 
also somewhat of a musician, de- 
lighting to play on a jewsharp, 
which she does very badly. 




r J" T HE land of the Zuni lies in a 
great plain or valley, through 
which the Zuni river flows. Their 
houses differ from those of their 
relatives in the north, for they are 
terraced buildings five stories high, 
reached in a queer way by clumsy 



ladders. Every Zuni 
house has a bowl filled 
with corn-flour placed 
behind the main door- 
way. It is the custom 
at morning and twilight 
to throw a pinch of this 
towards the morning star 
or setting sun, as they 
believe it ensures good 
crops and good luck. 
This is called throwing 
the Hed-den-tin. 

Unlike the Seminoles 
the Zuni use bowls of 
their own make, in which they mix 
their bread. These vessels are dec- 
orated only on the inside, but their 
other pottery is more elaborate. 

One may find in many houses 
old silversmiths making ornaments 
of silver, with very few and simple 
tools. They have obtained of late 
years more modern tools from 
traders, with which they cleverly 
make bracelets and other articles. 



OCT 11 1900 



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